#Onset stop closure durations skin#

(SoE) at two consecutive epoch locations and temporal energyĭistribution using waveform peak factor (WPF) are computed. Also to characterize the variation in theĪbruptness of glottal pulses, ratio between strength of excitation Glottal cycles is computed to capture the dissimilarity betweenĪdjacent glottal cycles. Normalized cross-correlation coefficient (NCC) between two successive Period to period irregularities, aperiodicity, and asymmetry. This pressed glottal configuration leads to The glottal stopĬonsonant is produced due to laryngeal gesture in the form ofĬonstricted glottis. Glottal stops using integrated linear prediction (ILP) residual,ĭerived by pitch-synchronous (PS) approach. This work analyzes excitation source to characterize Chapter 5 compares results from across studies, and Chapter 6 provides a general discussion and conclusion. Chapter 4 presents results from a Perception Study, which explores how listeners (from the Production Study) categorize affricated variants of /t/ spliced from before /ɹ/. The Production Study provides an opportunity to find out how affricated variants of /t/ and /d/ before /ɹ/ are articulated. Building on these findings, Chapter 3 presents results from a Production Study conducted in Raleigh, North Carolina, which captures audio, ultrasound, and video data in order to investigate how English speakers’ /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ sequences are coarticulated. The Apparent Time Study aims to determine whether /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication, if present, is a sound change in progress and/or whether the emergence of affricated variants may have been the result of dialect contact. Third, /tɹ/ affrication has been implicated in s-retraction (in /stɹ/ clusters), which is a sound change in progress that has been reported in Raleigh English. Second, Raleigh experienced an influx of technology workers to the area from Northern regions of the United States in the middle of the 20th century, making it plausible that the resulting dialect contact may have led to the introduction of novel affricated variants to the region. First, it is expected that the phonetic motivation for /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication will be present in any English-speaking community. The Raleigh corpus is considered to be a suitable choice for conducting this investigation for several reasons. Q3: Perception Study – Do English speakers categorize affricated variants of /t/ found in /tɹ/ clusters as T or CH?Ĭhapter 2 presents results from an Apparent Time Study, which examines sociolinguistic interview data from a corpus of Raleigh, North Carolina English speakers of different ages, all born in the 20th century. Q2: Production Study – Are English /t/ and /d/ in /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ clusters articulated like prevocalic and, like prevocalic and, like neither, or like both? Q1: Apparent Time Study – Is the phenomenon of /tɹ/ and /dɹ/ affrication in English a sound change in progress? Conducted over three separate studies, the research presented in subsequent chapters explores three specific questions: Despite numerous references to it in the literature, no experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the phenomenon. This dissertation argues that the affrication of /t/ and /d/ before /ɹ/ is an active sound change in progress that has been phonologized. This suggests that during integration auditory and aero-tactile inputs are weighted differently by the perceptual system, with the latter exerting greater influence in those cases where the auditory cues for voicing are ambiguous. The slowest response times were observed for the intermediate steps for all three continua, but for the bilabial continuum this effect interacted with the presence of air puffs: responses were slower in the presence of air puffs, and faster in their absence. Analysis of response times revealed that the presence of air puffs lengthened responses for intermediate (ambiguous) stimuli and shortened them for endpoint (non-ambiguous) stimuli. The presence of air puffs was found to significantly increase the likelihood of choosing voiceless responses for the two VOT continua but had no effect on choices for the vowel continuum. Three continua were tested: bilabial (“pa/ba”), velar (“ka/ga”), and a vowel continuum (“head/hid”) used as a control. The current study has replicated and extended these findings by testing the effect of air puffs on gradations of voice onset time along a continuum rather than the voiced and voiceless endpoints of the original work.

#Onset stop closure durations skin#

In recent years, audio-tactile integration has also been investigated, and it has been established that puffs of air applied to the skin and timed with listening tasks shift the perception of voicing by naive listeners. Most research on multimodal integration in speech perception has focused on audio-visual integration. Multimodal integration is the formation of a coherent percept from different sensory inputs such as vision, audition, and somatosensation.